What Doctorate Would I Get if I Wanted to Focus on Applications of the Incident Command System

Standardized approach to command, control, and coordination of emergency response

ICS basic system chart (ICS-100 level depicted)

The Incident Command System (ICS) is a standardized arroyo to the command, control, and coordination of emergency response providing a common hierarchy inside which responders from multiple agencies can be effective.^[1]

ICS was initially developed to address problems of inter-agency responses to wildfires in California and Arizona just is now a component of the National Incident Management Organization (NIMS)^[2] in the US, where it has evolved into utilise in all-hazards situations, ranging from active shootings to hazmat scenes.^[3] In addition, ICS has acted as a pattern for similar approaches internationally.^[4]

Overview [edit]

ICS consists of a standard direction hierarchy and procedures for managing temporary incident(s) of whatever size. ICS procedures should be pre-established and sanctioned by participating government, and personnel should exist well-trained prior to an incident.^[5]

ICS includes procedures to select and form temporary management hierarchies to control funds, personnel, facilities, equipment, and communications. Personnel are assigned co-ordinate to established standards and procedures previously sanctioned by participating government. ICS is a system designed to exist used or applied from the time an incident occurs until the requirement for management and operations no longer be.

ICS is interdisciplinary and organizationally flexible to see the following management challenges:

• Meets the needs of a jurisdiction to cope with incidents of whatsoever kind or complication (i.east. information technology expands or contracts as needed).
• Allows personnel from a broad multifariousness of agencies to meld rapidly into a common management structure with common terminology.
• Provide logistical and administrative support to operational staff.
• Be cost effective by avoiding duplication of efforts, and continuing overhead.
• Provide a unified, centrally authorized emergency organization.

History [edit]

The ICS concept was formed in 1968 at a meeting of Fire Chiefs in Southern California. The program reflects the direction bureaucracy of the US Navy, and at first was used mainly to fight California wildfires. During the 1970s, ICS was fully developed during massive wildfire suppression efforts in California (FIRESCOPE) that followed a series of catastrophic wildfires, starting with the massive Laguna fire in 1970. Property damage ran into the millions, and many people died or were injured. Studies determined that response issues often related to communication and management deficiencies rather than lack of resource or failure of tactics.^{[6] [vii]}

Weaknesses in incident direction were frequently due to:

• Lack of accountability, including unclear chain of control and supervision.
• Poor communication due to both inefficient uses of available communications systems and conflicting codes and terminology.
• Lack of an orderly, systematic planning process.
• No effective predefined way to integrate inter-agency requirements into the direction construction and planning process.
• "Freelancing" past individuals within the start response team without direction from a team leader (IC) and those with specialized skills during an incident and without coordination with other start responders
• Lack of cognition with common terminology during an incident.

Emergency Managers determined that the existing management structures — oft unique to each bureau — did not calibration to dealing with massive mutual aid responses involving dozens of distinct agencies and when these various agencies worked together their specific training and procedures clashed. As a upshot, a new command and command epitome was collaboratively developed to provide a consistent, integrated framework for the management of all incidents from modest incidents to large, multi-bureau emergencies.

At the beginning of this work, despite the recognition that at that place were incident or field level shortfalls in organization and terminology, there was no mention of the need to develop an on the basis incident management system like ICS. Well-nigh of the efforts were focused on the multiagency coordination challenges in a higher place the incident or field level. It was not until 1972 when Firefighting Resources of Southern California Organized for Potential Emergencies (FIRESCOPE) was formed that this demand was recognized and the concept of ICS was first discussed. Also, ICS was originally called Field Control Operations System.^[8]

ICS became a national model for command structures at a burn, criminal offense scene or major incident. ICS was used in New York at the outset set on on the World Trade Center in 1993. On 1 March 2004, the Section of Homeland Security, in accordance with the passage of Homeland Security Presidential Directive v (HSPD-v) calling for a standardized approach to incident management amidst all federal, land, and local agencies, adult the National Incident Management System (NIMS) which integrates ICS. Additionally, it was mandated that NIMS (and thus ICS) must be utilized to manage emergencies in order to receive federal funding.

The Superfund Subpoena and Re-dominance Act title III mandated that all first responders to a hazardous materials emergency must be properly trained and equipped in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.120(q). This standard represents OSHA's recognition of ICS.^[9]

HSPD-five and thus the National Incident Management Arrangement came about as a direct event of the terrorist attacks on xi September 2001, which created numerous All-Gamble, Mass Casualty, multi-bureau incidents.^[10]

Jurisdiction and legitimacy [edit]

In the United States, ICS has been tested by more thirty years of emergency and non-emergency applications. All levels of government are required to maintain differing levels of ICS grooming and private sector organizations regularly use ICS for management of events. ICS is widespread in use from law enforcement to every-day business, as the bones goals of clear communication, accountability, and the efficient use of resource are common to incident and emergency direction too as daily operations. ICS is mandated by law for all Chancy Materials responses nationally and for many other emergency operations in about states. In exercise, well-nigh all EMS and disaster response agencies apply ICS, in office afterward the United States Section of Homeland Security mandated the utilise of ICS for emergency services throughout the United States as a condition for federal preparedness funding. As part of FEMA'southward National Response Plan (NRP), the arrangement was expanded and integrated into the National Incident Management System (NIMS).

The United nations recommended the use of ICS every bit an international standard^{[ citation needed ]}. ICS is also used past agencies in Canada.^[11]

New Zealand has implemented a similar organisation, known every bit the Coordinated Incident Management Organization, Australia has the Australasian Inter-Service Incident Management System and British Columbia, Canada, has BCERMS developed by the Emergency Management BC.

In Brazil, ICS is also used by The Fire Section of the State of Rio de Janeiro (CBMERJ) and by the Civil Defence force of the State of Rio de Janeiro in every emergency or large-calibration events.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Basis [edit]

Incidents [edit]

Incidents are defined within ICS as unplanned situations necessitating a response. Examples of incidents may include:

• Emergency medical situations (ambulance service)
• Chancy material spills, releases to the air (toxic chemicals), releases to a drinking water supply
• Earnest crises
• Human being-made disasters such as vehicle crashes, industrial accidents, train derailments, or structure fires
• Natural disasters such as wildfires, flooding, earthquake or tornado
• Public health incidents, such as affliction outbreaks
• Search and Rescue operations
• Technological crisis
• Terrorist attacks
• Traffic incidents

Events [edit]

Events are defined within ICS equally planned situations. Incident command is increasingly applied to events both in emergency management and not-emergency management settings. Examples of events may include:

• Concerts
• Parades and other ceremonies
• Fairs and other gatherings
• Preparation exercises

Fundamental concepts [edit]

Unity of control [edit]

Each individual participating in the functioning reports to but one supervisor. This eliminates the potential for individuals to receive alien orders from a variety of supervisors, thus increasing accountability, preventing freelancing, improving the menstruum of data, helping with the coordination of operational efforts, and enhancing operational safe. This concept is cardinal to the ICS chain of control structure.^[12]

Common terminology [edit]

Individual response agencies previously adult their protocols separately, and subsequently developed their terminology separately. This can atomic number 82 to confusion as a word may have a unlike meaning for each arrangement.

When different organizations are required to work together, the use of mutual terminology is an essential chemical element in team cohesion and communications, both internally and with other organizations responding to the incident.

An incident command system promotes the use of a mutual terminology and has an associated glossary of terms that help bring consistency to position titles, the description of resources and how they can be organized, the blazon and names of incident facilities, and a host of other subjects. The use of common terminology is most axiomatic in the titles of control roles, such as Incident Commander, Safety Officer or Operations Section Chief.^[12]

Management by objective [edit]

Incidents are managed past aiming towards specific objectives. Objectives are ranked by priority; should exist every bit specific as possible; must be attainable; and if possible given a working time-frame. Objectives are accomplished by offset outlining strategies (general plans of action), so determining appropriate tactics (how the strategy will be executed) for the chosen strategy.^[12]

Flexible and modular arrangement [edit]

Incident Command construction is organized in such a manner as to aggrandize and contract as needed by the incident scope, resources and hazards. Command is established in a tiptop-down fashion, with the most important and administrative positions established first. For example, Incident Command is established by the first arriving unit of measurement.

Simply positions that are required at the fourth dimension should be established. In most cases, very few positions within the command structure volition need to be activated. For example, a single fire truck at a dumpster fire will accept the officer filling the role of IC, with no other roles required. As more than trucks get added to a larger incident, more roles will be delegated to other officers and the Incident Commander (IC) role will probably be handed to a more-senior officer.

Only in the largest and most complex operations would the full ICS organization exist staffed.^[12] Conversely, as an incident scales down, roles will exist merged back up the tree until there is just the IC role remaining.

Bridge of control [edit]

To limit the number of responsibilities and resources existence managed by any individual, the ICS requires that any unmarried person'south span of control should be between three and vii individuals, with 5 beingness ideal. In other words, one manager should have no more than than seven people working nether them at any given time. If more than seven resources are being managed past an individual, and then that individual is being overloaded and the command construction needs to be expanded past delegating responsibilities (e.chiliad. by defining new sections, divisions, or task forces). If fewer than three, and then the position's authority can probably be absorbed past the next highest rung in the chain of command.^[12]

Coordination [edit]

One of the benefits of the ICS is that information technology allows a way to coordinate a gear up of organizations who may otherwise work together sporadically. While much training material emphasizes the hierarchical aspects of the ICS, information technology can likewise be seen as an inter-organizational network of responders. These network qualities allow the ICS flexibility and expertise of a range of organizations. But the network aspects of the ICS too create management challenges. One study of ICS after-action reports found that ICS tended to bask higher coordination when at that place was strong pre-existing trust and working relationships between members, but struggled when authority of the ICS was contested and when the networks of responders was highly diverse.^[13] Coordination on any incident or event is facilitated with the implementation of the following concepts:

Incident Action Plans [edit]

Incident action plans (IAPs) ensures cohesion amongst anyone involved toward strictly prepare goals. These goals are set for specific operational periods. They provide supervisors with directly action plans to communicate incident objectives to both operational and support personnel. They include measurable, strategic objectives fix for achievement within a time frame (as well known as an operational period) which is usually 12 hours only can be whatever length of time. Chancy fabric incidents (hazmat) must exist written,^[14] and are prepared past the planning section, but other incident reports tin can be both verbal and/or written.

The consolidated IAP is a very important component of the ICS that reduces freelancing and ensures a coordinated response. At the simplest level, all incident activity plans must have iv elements:

• What practice we desire to exercise?
• Who is responsible for doing it?
• How practise we communicate with each other?
• What is the process if someone is injured?

The content of the IAP is organized by a number of standardized ICS forms that allow for accurate and precise documentation of an incident.^[fifteen]

FEMA ICS forms [edit]

• ICS 201 – Incident Briefing
• ICS 202 – Incident Objectives
• ICS 203 – Organization Assignment List
• ICS 204 – Assignment Listing
• ICS 205 – Incident Radio Communications Program
• ICS 205A – Communications List
• ICS 206 – Medical Programme
• ICS 207 – Incident Organization Chart
• ICS 208 – Safety Message/Plan
• ICS 209 – Incident Summary
• ICS 210 – Resource Status Alter
• ICS 211 – Incident Check-In Listing
• ICS 213 – Full general Message
• ICS 214 – Action Log
• ICS 215 – Operational Planning Worksheet
• ICS 215A – Incident Activeness Programme Condom Analysis
• ICS 218 – Support Vehicle/Equipment Inventory
• ICS 219 – Resources Status Cards (T-Cards)
• ICS 220 – Air Operations Summary Worksheet
• ICS 221 – Demobilization Check-Out
• ICS 225 – Incident Personnel Operation Rating

Comprehensive resource management [edit]

Comprehensive resource direction is a key management principle that implies that all assets and personnel during an upshot need to be tracked and accounted for. It can too include processes for reimbursement for resources, as appropriate. Resources management includes processes for:

• Categorizing resources
• Ordering resources
• Dispatching resources
• Tracking resources
• Recovering resources

Comprehensive resource management ensures that visibility is maintained over all resources and so they can be moved speedily to support the grooming and response to an incident, and ensuring a graceful demobilization. Information technology besides applies to the nomenclature of resources by type and kind, and the categorization of resource past their status.

• Assigned resource are those that are working on a field assignment under the management of a supervisor.
• Available resources are those that are ready for deployment(staged), only take not been assigned to a field assignment.
• Out-of-service resources are those that are not in either the "bachelor" or "assigned" categories. Resources can be "out-of-service" for a variety of reasons including: resupplying after a sortie (most common), shortfall in staffing, personnel taking a rest, damaged or inoperable.

T-Cards (ICS 219, Resource Status Card) are most commonly used to runway these resource. The cards are placed in T-Card racks located at an Incident Command Postal service for easy updating and visual tracking of resource status.

Integrated communications [edit]

Developing an integrated voice and data communications system, including equipment, systems, and protocols, must occur prior to an incident.

Constructive ICS communications include three elements:

• Modes: The "hardware" systems that transfer information.
• Planning: Planning for the use of all available communications resources.
• Networks: The procedures and processes for transferring data internally and externally.

Composition [edit]

Incident commander [edit]

• Single incident commander – Nearly incidents involve a single incident commander. In these incidents, a unmarried person commands the incident response and is the controlling final authority.
• Unified command – A unified command involves two or more individuals sharing the say-so usually held by a single incident commander. Unified command is used on larger incidents commonly when multiple agencies or multiple jurisdictions are involved. A Unified control typically includes a command representative from major involved agencies and/or jurisdictions with one from that grouping to human action as the spokesman, though not designated every bit an Incident Commander. A Unified Control acts as a single entity. It is of import to note, that in Unified Command the control representatives will appoint a single operations section primary.^[16]

• Area command – During multiple-incident situations, an area command may be established to provide for incident commanders at divide locations. More often than not, an surface area commander will be assigned – a single person – and the surface area control volition operate as a logistical and authoritative support. Expanse commands unremarkably do not include an operations role.

Control staff [edit]

• Prophylactic officeholder – The safe officeholder monitors rubber conditions and develops measures for assuring the condom of all assigned personnel.^[17]
• Public information officer – The public information officer (PIO or IO) serves as the conduit for information to and from internal and external stakeholders, including the media or other organizations seeking information directly from the incident or event. While less oftentimes discussed, the public data officer is also responsible for ensuring that an incident'due south command staff are kept apprised as to what is being said or reported about an incident. This allows public questions to be addressed, rumors to be managed, and ensures that other such public relations problems are non overlooked.^[18]
• Liaison officer – A liaison serves every bit the primary contact for supporting agencies assisting at an incident.^[19]

Full general staff [edit]

• Operations section chief: Tasked with directing all actions to meet the incident objectives.
• Planning section chief: Tasked with the collection and brandish of incident information, primarily consisting of the status of all resources and overall status of the incident.
• Finance/administration section chief: Tasked with tracking incident related costs, personnel records, requisitions, and administrating procurement contracts required past Logistics.
• Logistics department chief: Tasked with providing all resource, services, and support required past the incident.

200-Level ICS [edit]

At the ICS 200 level, the office of Data and Intelligence is added to the standard ICS staff as an option. This office is unique in ICS as it can be arranged in multiple ways based on the judgement of the Incident Commander and needs of the incident. The 3 possible arrangements are:

• Data & intelligence officer, a position on the control staff.
• Information & intelligence section, a section headed by an data & intelligence department master, a full general staff position.
• Information & intelligence branch, headed by an information & intelligence branch director, this branch is a part of the planning section.

300-Level ICS [edit]

At the ICS 300 level, the focus is on entry-level management of minor-scale, all-hazards incidents with accent on the scalability of ICS. It acts as an introduction to the utilization of more than one bureau and the possibility of numerous operational periods. Information technology also involves an introduction to the emergency operations center.^[20]

400-Level ICS [edit]

At the ICS 400 level, the focus is on large, complex incidents. Topics covered include the characteristics of incident complexity, the approaches to dividing an incident into manageable components, the establishment of an "expanse command", and the multi-agency coordination system (MACS).

Blueprint [edit]

Personnel [edit]

ICS is organized by levels, with the supervisor of each level holding a unique title (e.k. only a person in accuse of a section is labeled "chief"; a "director" is exclusively the person in charge of a branch). Levels (supervising person's title) are:

• Incident commander

• Command staff fellow member (officer) - control staff
• Section (chief) - full general staff

• Co-operative (director)

• Division (supervisor) – A division is a unit of measurement arranged by geography, along jurisdictional lines if necessary, and non based on the makeup of the resources within the division.
• Grouping (supervisor) – A grouping is a unit arranged for a purpose, along agency lines if necessary, or based on the makeup of the resources within the group.

• Unit, team, or strength (leader) – Such as "communications unit," "medical strike team," or a "reconnaissance task forcefulness." A strike team is composed of same resources (4 ambulances, for instance) while a task forcefulness is composed of dissimilar types of resources (1 ambulance, two fire trucks, and a police auto, for example).

• Private resource. This is the smallest level within ICS and usually refers to a single person or piece of equipment. Information technology can refer to a piece of equipment and operator, and less often to multiple people working together.

Facilities [edit]

ICS uses a standard set up of facility nomenclature. ICS facilities include: pre-designated incident facilities: Response operations can form a complex structure that must be held together past response personnel working at different and frequently widely carve up incident facilities. These facilities can include:

• Incident command post (ICP): The ICP is the location where the incident commander operates during response operations. There is only one ICP for each incident or event, but it may alter locations during the issue. Every incident or event must have some grade of an incident command post. The ICP may be located in a vehicle, trailer, tent, or within a building. The ICP will exist positioned outside of the nowadays and potential take chances zone only close enough to the incident to maintain command. The ICP will be designated by the name of the incident, eastward.g., Trail Creek ICP.
• Staging expanse: Tin can be a location at or nigh an incident scene where tactical response resources are stored while they look assignment. Resources in staging area are nether the control status. Staging areas should be located close plenty to the incident for a timely response, but far enough abroad to be out of the immediate impact zone. In that location may exist more than i staging surface area at an incident. Staging areas tin can be collocated with the ICP, bases, camps, helibases, or helispots.
• A base is the location from which primary logistics and administrative functions are coordinated and administered. The base may be collocated with the incident command post. There is only one base of operations per incident, and information technology is designated by the incident name. The base of operations is established and managed by the logistics department. The resources in the base are always out-of-service.
• Camps: Locations, often temporary, within the full general incident area that are equipped and staffed to provide sleeping, food, water, sanitation, and other services to response personnel that are too far away to use base facilities. Other resources may also exist kept at a camp to support incident operations if a base of operations is not attainable to all resources. Camps are designated past geographic location or number. Multiple camps may be used, but not all incidents will accept camps.
• A helibase is the location from which helicopter-centered air operations are conducted. Helibases are generally used on a more long-term basis and include such services as fueling and maintenance. The helibase is commonly designated by the name of the incident, e.g. Trail Creek helibase.
• Helispots are more than temporary locations at the incident, where helicopters can safely country and take off. Multiple helispots may be used.

Each facility has unique location, infinite, equipment, materials, and supplies requirements that are often difficult to accost, particularly at the outset of response operations. For this reason, responders should identify, pre-designate and pre-plan the layout of these facilities, whenever possible.

On large or multi-level incidents, college-level support facilities may be activated. These could include:

• Emergency operations center (EOC): An emergency operations centre is a cardinal command and control facility responsible for carrying out the principles of emergency preparedness and emergency management, or disaster management functions at a strategic level during an emergency, and ensuring the continuity of operation of a company, political subdivision or other organization. An EOC is responsible for the strategic overview, or "big picture", of the disaster, and does non commonly directly control field assets, instead making operational decisions and leaving tactical decisions to lower commands. The common functions of all EOC's is to collect, assemble and analyze data; make decisions that protect life and property, maintain continuity of the system, within the telescopic of applicative laws; and disseminate those decisions to all concerned agencies and individuals. In nigh EOC's there is ane private in accuse, and that is the Emergency Manager.
• Articulation information center (JIC): A JIC is the facility whereby an incident, agency, or jurisdiction tin support media representatives. Ofttimes co-located – even permanently designated – in a customs or country EOC the JIC provides the location for interface between the media and the PIO. Most often the JIC too provides both space and technical assets (Cyberspace, telephone, ability) necessary for the media to perform their duties. A JIC very often becomes the "face" of an incident as it is where press releases are made available too as where many broadcast media outlets interview incident staff. It is not uncommon for a permanently established JIC to have a window overlooking an EOC and/or a defended background showing agency logos or other symbols for televised interviews. The National Response Coordination Eye (NRCC) at FEMA has both, for example, allowing televised interviews to testify action in the NRCC backside the interviewer/interviewee while an illuminated "Department of Homeland Security" sign, prominently placed on the far wall of the NRCC, is thus visible during such interviews.
• Articulation operations center (JOC): A JOC is usually pre-established, often operated 24/7/365, and allows multiple agencies to have a defended facility for assigning staff to interface and collaborate with their counterparts from other agencies. Although frequently called something other than a JOC, many locations and jurisdictions have such centers, often where Federal, country, and/or local agencies (often law enforcement) run into to exchange strategic information and develop and implement tactical plans. Large mass gathering events, such every bit a presidential inauguration, volition also use JOC-type facilities although they are oft not identified equally such or their existence even publicized.
• Multiple bureau coordination middle (MACC): The MACC is a central command and control facility responsible for the strategic, or "big motion picture" of a disaster. A MACC is oftentimes used when multiple incidents are occurring in ane surface area or are particularly complex for various reasons such as when scarce resource must be allocated across multiple requests. Personnel within the MACC utilise multi-agency coordination to guide their operations. The MACC coordinates activities between multiple agencies and incidents and does non normally directly control field assets, but makes strategic decisions and leaves tactical decisions to individual agencies. The common functions of all MACC'due south is to collect, gather and clarify data; make decisions that protect life and holding, maintain continuity of the regime or corporation, within the scope of applicative laws; and disseminate those decisions to all concerned agencies and individuals. While oftentimes similar to an EOC, the MACC is a separate entity with a divers area or mission and lifespan whereas an EOC is a permanently established facility and functioning for a political jurisdiction or agency. EOCs often, but not ever, follow the general ICS principles simply may utilize other structures or direction (such as an emergency back up role (ESF) or hybrid ESF/ICS model) schemas. For many jurisdictions the EOC is where elected officials volition exist located during an emergency and, like a MACC, supports but does not command an incident.

Equipment [edit]

ICS uses a standard set of equipment nomenclature. ICS equipment include:

• Tanker – This is an aircraft that carries fuel (fuel tanker) or water (h2o tanker).
• Tender – Like a tanker, but a ground vehicle, likewise carrying fuel (fuel tender), water (water tender), or even fire fighting cream (foam tender).

Type and kind [edit]

The "type" of resource describes the size or capability of a resource. For instance, a 50 kW (for a generator) or a 3-ton (for a truck). Types are designed to be categorized as "Type 1" through "Type five" formally, simply in live incidents more than specific information may be used.

The "kind" of resource describes what the resource is. For instance, generator or a truck. The "blazon" of resources describes a functioning adequacy for a kind of resources for instance,

In both type and kind, the objective must exist included in the resource asking. This is done to widen the potential resource response. As an case, a resources request for a small aircraft for aerial reconnaissance of a search and rescue scene may be satisfied by a National Guard OH-58 Kiowa helicopter (type & kind: rotary-fly aircraft, Type 2/III) or by a Civil Air Patrol Cessna 182 (type & kind: fixed-wing aircraft, Type I). In this example, requesting only a fixed-fly or a rotary-wing, or requesting past type may forestall the other resource's availability from existence known.

Control transfer [edit]

A role of responsibility can exist transferred during an incident for several reasons: Equally the incident grows a more qualified person is required to take over equally Incident Commander to handle the ever-growing needs of the incident, or in contrary where as an incident reduces in size command tin be passed downwards to a less qualified person (just still qualified to run the now-smaller incident) to free upwardly highly qualified resources for other tasks or incidents. Other reasons to transfer command include jurisdictional change if the incident moves locations or expanse of responsibility, or normal turnover of personnel due to extended incidents. The transfer of command process ever includes a transfer of command briefing, which may be oral, written, or a combination of both.

Run across also [edit]

• Community Emergency Response Team
• Federal Emergency Management Agency
• Gold–silver–bronze command structure
• Incident Management Team
• National Incident Management Organisation
• National Response Framework
• Search and rescue

References [edit]

1. ^ "Glossary: Simplified Guide to the Incident Command System for Transportation Professionals". Federal Highway Administration, Function of Operations. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
2. ^ "Chapter vii: THE INCIDENT Control SYSTEM (ICS)". Heart for Excellence in Disaster Direction & Humanitarian Assistance. Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
3. ^ Bigley, Gregory; Roberts, Karlene (December 2001). "The Incident Command System: High-Reliability Organizing for Complex and Volatile Task Environments" (PDF). The Academy of Management Journal. Academy of Management. 44 (6): 1281–1299. Retrieved 25 September 2015. | enter = 29.9.1987
4. ^ Dara, Saqib; Ashton, Rendell; Farmer, Christopher; Carlton, Paul (January 2005). "Worldwide disaster medical response: An historical perspective". Critical Care Medicine. 33 (1): S2–S6. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000151062.00501.60. PMID 15640674. S2CID 32514269.
5. ^ Werman, Howard A.; Karren, G; Mistovich, Joseph (2014). "National Incident Management System:Incident Command Arrangement". In Werman A. Howard; Mistovich J; Karren K (eds.). Prehospital Emergency Care, 10e. Pearson Education, Inc. p. 1217.
6. ^ "Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS) Guidelines". State of California, Part of Emergency Services. Archived from the original on 5 Apr 2009. Retrieved sixteen July 2009.
7. ^ "Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS): Introductory Form of Didactics, Student Reference Manual". County of Santa Clara, California. Retrieved sixteen July 2009.
8. ^ "EMSI: A Working History of the Incident Control Organisation". Emergency Direction Services International (EMSI). Retrieved 13 Jan 2016.
9. ^ "Chancy waste product operations and emergency response". Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
10. ^ Jamieson, Gil (May 2005). "Nims and the Incident Command System". International Oil Spill Briefing Proceedings. 2005 (ane): 291–294. doi:10.7901/2169-3358-2005-ane-291.
11. ^ "Alberta Wellness Services website on ICS". Archived from the original on 15 Nov 2009. Retrieved fourteen May 2009.
12. ^ ^{a b c d e} Emergency management Constitute. "IS-200: ICS for Single Resource and Initial Activeness Incidents". 29 November 2007 Archived 14 July 2007 at the Wayback Auto
13. ^ Moynihan, Donald. "The Network Governance of Crunch Response: Case Studies of Incident Command Systems (2009)" (PDF). Journal of Public Administration Enquiry and Theory 19: 895–915.
14. ^ "forty CFR 1910.120(q)(i)".
15. ^ "National Incident Management Organisation (NIMS) Incident Command Organization (ICS) Forms Booklet" (PDF). www.fema.gov. Federal Emergency Management Agency. September 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
16. ^ National Incident Management System – December 2008 Page 51
17. ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency "FEMA Taskbooks", FEMA, 28 October 2010, accessed 11 December 2010.
18. ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency "FEMA Glossary", FEMA, 28 October 2010, accessed 11 Dec 2010.
19. ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency "FEMA Glossary", FEMA, 28 Oct 2010, accessed eleven Dec 2010.
20. ^ Decker, Russell (1 October 2011). "Acceptance and utilisation of the Incident Command System in first response and allied disciplines: An Ohio study". Journal of Business organization Continuity & Emergency Planning. Henry Stewart Publications. 5 (3): 224–230. PMID 22130340. Retrieved 25 September 2015.

External links [edit]

• Federal Emergency Management National Incident Management System
• United nations Wildfire Working Group report recommending use of ICS
• FEMA Incident Command Resource Eye
• Embracing the Incident Command Organisation Above and Across Theory, FBI

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incident_Command_System

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